Cathodic Protection
Cathodic protection is a method for protecting metal structures from electrochemical corrosion.
The principle is, making the structure to be protected, cathode of an electrochemical cell.
A direct current (DC) electric current occurs between the protected structure and the anodes.
The principle is, making the structure to be protected, cathode of an electrochemical cell.
A direct current (DC) electric current occurs between the protected structure and the anodes.
Specially formulated paints and coatings protect the underground storage tanks from corrosion.
However the protective feature of the coatings lose its efficiency in time; making the tank
vulnerable to corrosion, oxidation and lose some of its wall thickness.
During installation phase, the protective coating of the underground storage tank may scratch
and peel off. If not repaired, these scratched/peeled off zones behave like an anode and the
tank may have severe corrosion damage. Cathodic protection also prevents these
scratched/peeled off zones to behave like an anode.
Because of the above mentioned reasons, cathodic protection shall be applied to all
underground LPG storage tanks.
Simple Design and Calculation
Cathodic protection of an underground LPG storage tank can be made according to a simple
procedure. Sacrificial anodes of magnesium are used for this purpose. Underground storage
tanks have a wire or clamp for connecting magnesium anodes.
The number and size of magnesium anodes depend on the size of the storage tank; and are
calculated for a service life of 10 years on average conditions.
The following table gives the necessary quantity and sizes of magnesium anodes for different
LPG storage tanks.
LPG Tank Volume
[m³] |
Number of Anodes
|
Anode Size
[lbs] |
10
|
2
|
10 lbs.
|
20
|
4
|
10 lbs.
|
30
|
4
|
17 lbs.
|
Magnesium Anodes
The anode material is different for several cathodic protection applications. For galvanic
cathodic protection of underground LPG tanks, magnesium anodes are utilized.
These are simply blocks of magnesium, with a cable connected to one end, put inside a textile
bag with a filler material. The filler optimizes the current producing ability of the anode. The
following photo shows a magnesium anode.
Different sizes of magnesium anodes are called with the mass of magnesium in lbs. Because of the mass of filler material, the real mass of an anode is greater.
Magnesium anodes are delivered to the site with a waterproof packing, in order to protect from moisture. During installation, this packing shall be removed and the anode with the textile bag will be buried under ground. Then some water shall be applied onto the anode, and will be covered by sieved soil.
The anode may only function when in contact with soil; not gravel or sand. In some countries,
underground LPG storage tanks are covered with sand, according to local regulations. In this case anodes shall be buried inside soil, nearby the tank. When not possible, covering the anode thoroughly with some earth, will also work.
While the cathodic protection system produces electric current, the anodes lose some of its
mass and then diminish in time.
Installation of Cathodic Protection Components
To achieve an effective protection, the magnesium anodes shall be evenly distributed around
the storage tank, and not to be collected at one corner. The depth of the anodes shall be at
vertically middle of the tank.
A measurement/connection box shall be prepared nearby the storage tank. The measurement box shall have a wire connector which has connection ends for all anodes, and the storage tankitself. Connecting the ends of anode wires inside the measurement box enables to check wire
connections, and to check and replace a single anode when necessary.
When a tank needs many anodes, laying wires from every anode to the control box will be hard.
In this case, the anodes may be connected to the measurement box via a ring cable. This type of installation requires excavation work to analyze and solve a possible problem.
The following photo shows the wire connector inside the measurement box, for a 10 m3
underground storage tank. This volume requires two magnesium anodes, and the wire connector has 3 ends; two for connecting anodes and one for the LPG tank.
In most cases, the underground LPG storage tank, and the magnesium anodes are supplied with sufficient length of wire. When necessary, 1 x 10 mm² NYY cable may be used for installation. The cable cross section doesn’t change with the number/capacity of anodes, or the tank volume.
In order to achieve a reliable connection with low electric resistance; cathodic protection wires
shall be connected to the storage tank by thermite welding. Thermite welding (TW), also known as exothermic welding, exothermic bonding, and thermit welding, is a welding process for joining two electrical conductors, that employs superheated copper alloy to permanently join the conductors. The process employs an exothermic reaction between aluminium powder and a mixture of copper oxides.
Earthing and Cathodic Protection
The basic of cathodic protection is, keeping the structure to be protected under negative (-) electrical charge. The protected storage tank shall be isolated from the earthed equipment and
parts of earthed piping. Gaskets, bolt sleeves and washers made from nonconductive material
may be used for this purpose. The following photo shows these materials, which are called as
isolating flange set.
Reference Electrode
Reference electrode is utilized for checking a cathodic protection system. This checking process also requires a voltmeter showing milivolts. Any cathodic protection system shall be checked after installation, and then periodical checks shall be made to ensure proper operation.
There are several types of reference electrodes, but copper/copper sulfate electrodes are usedfor our application.
Reference electrodes may be stationary, or portable. Stationary reference electrodes are once
installed at the site and then used for a long service life. For LPG tank applications, portable
reference electrodes are the preferred choice.
A portable reference electrode, shown on the following photos, is a small device. It consists of a tube to contain copper sulfate solution, a copper rod, and a connection cable. One end of the
tube has a water permeable plug , for example made of wood. Outside the wood plug, there is also a rubber cap to prevent spillage of copper sulfate solution.
A new reference electrode contains copper sulfate salt, sufficient to be used for many times. The tube shall be filled with water 8-10 hours before use; to ensure the wooden plug being thoroughly wet. After use, the solution inside the tube may be poured into a clean bottle and stored there until
the next use. This simple method will prolong the service life of solution, and the copper electrode
Warning:
Copper (II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula CuSO4. It is also known with the names “blue vitriol" and "bluestone". This salt exists as a series of compounds that differ in their degree of hydration. The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder, whereas the pentahydrate (CuSO4-5H2O), the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue.
Copper sulfate is an irritant. Skin contact may result in itching or eczema. Eye contact with
copper sulfate can cause conjunctivitis, inflammation of the eyelid lining, ulceration, and clouding of the cornea. Upon acute oral exposure, copper sulfate is moderately toxic.
After 1–12 grams of copper sulfate are swallowed, such poisoning signs may occur as a metallic taste in the mouth, burning pain in the chest, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, discontinued urination, which leads to yellowing of the skin. In case of copper sulfate poisoning, injury to the brain, stomach, liver, or kidneys may also occur.
Checks by Using a Reference Electrode
When checking a cathodic protection system, first a small pit (15 cm. diam./10 to 15 cm depth)
is digged nearby the storage tank, within roughly 1 meter to the tank, anodes and the
measurement box. The reference electrode is dipped into this pit, the wooden plug pointing to
down. Then pour some water into the pit, to moisten the soil.
The reference electrode tube shall be filled with copper sulfate solution 8-10 hours before the check.
The (+) pole of the voltmeter will be connected to the reference electrode, and the (-) pole will be connected to the system/anode to be checked. The measured potential difference will be (-) negative.
The following measurements are made both for a new installed system, and during periodic checks:
- Measuring potential difference between the tank and the reference electrode
o while there is an electric connection between the tank and anodes
o while the tank wire is disconnected from the anodes
- Measuring the potential difference between an anode and the reference electrode.
All anodes shall be checked individually, after disconnecting from the connector.
Evaluating the Measured Values
The value measured between the tank connector and reference electrode, while the tank wire is disconnected, shall be less than -350 mV (e.g. -500 mV). For a new painted tank, measuring a
value close to -600 mV is expected. The measured value will increase (up to -350 mV) while the tank is aging. If the measured value is higher than -350 mV (e.g. -300 mV) the following shall be made:
- There may be a leak to earth at the tank-foundation connection. Electric insulation shall be provided.
- There may be a leak to earth at some part of underground piping.
Isolating flanges shall be checked.
Isolating flanges shall be checked.
- The paint (or coating) on the tank is weak. Tank shall be re-painted.
The following diagram shows how to evaluate measured values:
The value measured between the tank connector and reference electrode, while the tank is
connected to the anodes, shall be within -1100 mV to -650 mV. Any value within -1000 mV
to -750 mV range is ideal. With a new painted tank and new anodes measuring a value close
to -1000 mV is expected. The measured value will increase (up to -650 mV) while the tank and
anodes are aging.
If the measured value is higher than -650 mV (e.g. -600 mV) then there is not sufficient
protection. In this case, the following shall be made:
- Spray water onto the anodes and reference electrode, then measure again.
- Check the anode wire connections
- Check every anode individually, and replace the dysfunctional anodes.
- Add an additional anode to the system
When measured voltage is lower than -1100 mV (e.g. -1250 mV) there is also a risk. When the
system produces excessive electric current, hydrogen ions will be generated at the tank surface. These ions will cause the tank paint disband and peel off from the surface. In this case, dismount an anode to achieve a suitable value.
The performance of an anode will be checked by disconnecting it from the system, then
measuring the potential difference between it and the reference electrode. The measured value
shall be less than -1200 mV (e.g. -1600 mV). Anodes lose some of their mass while generating
electricity and they lose their performance of generating electricity in time. Measured value of a
new anode shall be lower than -1400 mV (e.g. -1600 mV). When this value is higher than
-1200 mV, the anode shall be replaced.
-1200 mV, the anode shall be replaced.
Under normal conditions, anodes wear equally and therefore wholly replaced.
Periodical Checks
Since the test period of an LPG tank is 10 years, cathodic protection systems are designed for a 10 year service life. After this period the tank will be taken out from the ground, will have a
maintenance and be tested (hydraulic test or similar); and the anodes will be replaced during
re-installation.
However, some conditions out of our control may cause rapid wear of tank paint and/or anodes
and then corrosion may develop on the tank. In order to detect this situation in advance, and to
take preventive measures, periodical controls are essential. Isısan advises to check the
performance of cathodic protection system once a year, by measuring potential difference
using a reference electrode.
The former sections of this article explain how to make measurements by using a reference
electrode, and how to evaluate and interpret the results. Keeping the records of periodic
checks offers some benefits like, confirming measured values, evaluating the rate of wear for
anodes and tank paint.
Any problem detected during periodical checks, may be solved by adding or replacing anodes.
When tank paint is worn out and as a result of this fact, anodes were finishing in short time; the tank shall be repaired. In case of very rapid wear, please consult a corrosion engineer.
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